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''"Celtic Tiger"'' ((アイルランド語:An Tíogar Ceilteach)) is a term referring to the economy of the Republic of Ireland from the mid-1990s to the mid-2000s, a period of rapid real economic growth fuelled by foreign direct investment, and a subsequent property bubble which rendered the real economy uncompetitive. The Irish economy expanded at an average rate of 9.4% between 1995 and 2000 and continued to grow at an average rate of 5.9% during the following decade until 2008, when it fell into recession. The economy underwent a dramatic reversal from 2008,〔() 〕 with GDP contracting by 14%〔http://www.esri.ie/UserFiles/publications/20090429104918/QEC2009Spr_ES.pdf〕 and unemployment levels rising to 14% by 2011.〔() 〕 == Term == The colloquial term "Celtic Tiger" has been used to refer to the country itself, and to the years associated with the boom. The first recorded use of the phrase is in a 1994 Morgan Stanley report by Kevin Gardiner.〔(Reinventing Ireland: Culture, Society and the Global Economy ) (2002) Peadar Kirby, Luke Gibbons, Michael Cronin, p. 17. ISBN 0 7453 1825 8.〕 The term refers to Ireland's similarity to the East Asian Tigers: Hong Kong, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan during their periods of rapid growth in the early 1960s and late 1990s. ''An Tíogar Ceilteach'', the Irish language version of the term, appears in the official terminology database〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=tearma.ie - Dictionary of Irish Terms - Foclóir Téarmaíochta )〕 and has been used regularly in government and administrative contexts since at least 2005.〔(Irish Parliamentary Debates ) - Deputy McGinley: "go speisialta ó tháinig an tíogar Ceilteach chun cinn"〕〔(Speech by the President of Ireland ) "is measa a bhain leis an Tíogar Ceilteach"〕〔(Galway County Council ) - "ó na 1990í i leith an Tíogar Ceilteach"〕 The Celtic Tiger period has also been called "The Boom" or "Ireland's Economic Miracle".〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.dublinwastetoenergy.ie/archive/files/info_sessions/Statutory/Processes/Presentation.ppt ) 〕 During that time, the country experienced a period of economic growth that transformed it from one of Western Europe's poorer countries into one of its wealthiest. The causes of Ireland's growth are the subject of some debate, but credit has been primarily given to state-driven economic development; social partnership among employers, government and trade unions; increased participation by women in the labour force; decades of investment in domestic higher education; targeting of foreign direct investment; a low corporation tax rate; an English-speaking workforce; and membership of the European Union, which provided transfer payments and export access to the Single Market. By mid-2007, in the wake of the growing global financial crisis, the Celtic Tiger had all but died. Some critics, such as David McWilliams, who had been warning about impending collapse for some time, concluded: "The case is clear: an economically challenged government, perniciously influenced by the interests of the housing lobby, blew it. The entire Irish episode will be studied internationally in years to come as an example of how not to do things."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=The Sunday Business Post )〕 Historian Richard Aldous stated the Celtic Tiger has now gone the "way of the dodo". In early 2008, many commentators thought a soft landing was likely, but by January 2009, it seemed possible the country could experience a depression.〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=Cowen must be Mister Fix-It, not a master of disaster )〕 In early January 2009, ''The Irish Times'', in an editorial, declared: "We have gone from the Celtic Tiger to an era of financial fear with the suddenness of a Titanic-style shipwreck, thrown from comfort, even luxury, into a cold sea of uncertainty."〔(【引用サイトリンク】title=No time for whingers )〕〔(So Who Got Us Into This Mess? )〕 In February 2010, a report by Davy Research concluded that Ireland had "largely wasted” its years of high income during the boom, with private enterprise investing its wealth "in the wrong places". It compared Ireland's growth to other small eurozone countries such as Finland and Belgium – noting that the physical wealth of those countries exceeds that of Ireland because of their "vastly superior" transport infrastructure, telecommunications network, and public services. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Celtic Tiger」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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